Targeting modules for universal chimeric antigen receptor expressing immune cells and use in the treatment of cancer infections and autoimmune disorders

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a targeting module comprising a chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety specific for a human cell surface protein or protein complex, a kit comprising the targeting module and a vector or a cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a universal chimeric antigen receptor and the use for the treatment of cancer, infections and autoimmune disorders.

The present invention relates to a targeting module comprising a chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety specific for a human cell surface protein or protein complex, a kit comprising the targeting module and a vector or a cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a universal chimeric antigen receptor and the use for the treatment of cancer, infections and autoimmune disorders.

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are artificial receptors consisting of a binding moiety, which provides the antigen-specificity and one or several signaling chains derived from immune receptors (Cartellieri et al. 2010). These two principal CAR domains are connected by a linking peptide chain including a transmembrane domain, which anchors the CAR in the cellular plasma membrane. Immune cells, in particular T and NK lymphocytes, can be genetically modified to express CARs inserted into their plasma membrane. If such a CAR modified immune cell encounters other cells or tissue structures expressing or being decorated with the appropriate target of the CAR binding moiety, upon binding of the CAR binding moiety to the target antigen the CAR modified immune cell is cross-linked to the target. Cross-linking leads to an induction of signal pathways via the CAR signaling chains, which will change the biologic properties of the CAR engrafted immune cell. The adoptive transfer of immune cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is currently considered as a highly promising therapeutic option for treatment of otherwise incurable malignant, infectious or autoimmune diseases. First clinical trials demonstrated both the safety and the feasibility of this treatment strategy (Lamers et al. 2006, Kershaw et al. 2006). However, the conventional CAR technology comes along with a number of critical safety issues. The immune responses of T cells engineered with conventional CARs are difficult to control after infusion into the patient, in particular unexpected target gene expression on healthy tissue may provoke an immune reaction of engineered T cells against healthy cells, which can cause severe side effects (Lamers et al. 2006, Morgan et al. 2010). Another drawback of conventional CAR technology is the restriction of engineered T cell retargeting to a single antigen. Such a monotherapeutic approach implies the risk for development of tumor escape variants, which have lost the target antigen during treatment. The emergence of tumor escape variants under conventional CAR T cell therapy after several months was already observed in clinical trials (Grupp et al. 2013).

WO 2012082841 A2 discloses universal anti-tag chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells and methods of treating cell related disorders, e.g. cancer. Furthermore, WO 2013044225 A1 discloses a universal immune receptor expressed by T cells for the targeting of diverse and multiple antigens. Both methods describe the use of modified T cells expressing universal anti-tag immune receptors. These T cells can be redirected to disease-related cell surface antigens by additionally applying modules binding these surface antigens and carrying the respective tag. The disadvantage is the redirection of the genetically modified T cells using exogenous tags, which are likely immunogenic and therefore put patients in danger and negatively affect efficacy of treatment.

Alternatively, EP 2 990 416 A1 discloses a genetically modified immune cell, in particular T- and NK-cell based therapies, that allows a redirection against diverse disorders in a safe and efficient manner using endogenous tags based on nuclear proteins. In particular, EP 2 990 416 A1 discloses a nucleic acid encoding a universal chimeric antigen receptor (UniCAR) and a targeting module composed of a binding moiety specific for a certain human cell surface protein or protein complex and a tag, wherein the tag is derived from any human nuclear protein and their use for stimulating an immune response in mammals. In contrast to conventional CARs, the scFv in universal CARs does not recognize a cell surface antigen but a short nonimmunogenic peptide motif derived from a human nuclear protein. Thus, T cells engineered to express UniCARs remain inactive after reinfusion, as this UniCAR target is not available on the surface of intact cells under physiological conditions (FIG. 1). The targeting modules are based on recombinant proteins including antibody fragments (i.e. scFvs or Fabs), ligands or soluble receptors.

A disadvantage of the disclosed method is the highly complex production and purification procedure, which needs to be established and performed, to obtain clinical-grade targeting modules. This includes recombinant expression in prokaryotic or mammalian cell culture systems, complex multi-step chromatography procedures for purification and extensive analytical panels for quality control. Moreover, the stability of the targeting modules is often limited and long-term storage conditions are disadvantageous.

In a first aspect the invention provides specific targeting modules, which are easily, rapidly and economically manufactured on a clinical-grade level.

Furthermore, the present invention provides specific targeting modules with improved pharmaceutical properties; and improved stability.

Embodiments of the invention relate to a targeting module comprising a chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety specific for a human cell surface protein or protein complex, and a tag, wherein the tag is a peptide derived from any protein, wherein the targeting module is a peptide comprising 10 to 120 amino acids.

In embodiments the linear peptide epitope is derived from a human protein to minimize the risk for immunogenicity.

In further embodiments the linear peptide epitope is derived from a human nuclear protein to minimize the risk for immunogenicity and to prevent off target activity of the UniCAR expressing immune cell. A peptide of a nuclear human protein will not be presented on cell surface and thus, UniCAR engrafted immune cells cannot be activated in the absence of a targeting module (FIG. 1).

Advantageously, the targeting module according to the invention is easily synthesizable. Furthermore advantageously, the targeting module according to the invention is able to bind to a universal chimeric antigen receptor (UniCAR) and to a human cell surface protein or protein complex.

A targeting module according to the invention is a molecule, which enables the genetically modified immune cell to reach its target, in particular a cellular surface protein or an extracellular structure.

As used herein, the term “chemically synthesized” refers to a method of production of peptides by chemical synthesis, in particular by coupling of a carboxyl group of a first amino acid with the amino group of a second amino acid. In an embodiment, the chemical synthesis is selected from liquid-phase synthesis or solid-phase synthesis.

As used herein, the term “specific” refers to the ability of a peptide or a protein to bind exclusively to a target or to a group of targets.

As used herein, the term “cell surface protein or protein complex” refers to a cellular surface protein or an extracellular structure. As used herein, the term “protein complex” refers to a group of two or more associated protein chains.

Brady et al. discloses peptides specific for a human cell surface protein or protein complex and the corresponding receptor types or subtypes overexpressed in human tumor cells (Brady et al. 2014).

As used herein, the term “tag” refers to a peptide sequence attached to peptides or proteins to enable them to bind to specific atoms, ions or molecules.

A human protein according to the invention is a protein found in human organisms.

A nuclear protein according to the invention is a protein found in the cell nucleus.

In further embodiments, the targeting module is chemically synthesized.

According to the invention, the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety is selected from somatostatin and somatostatin analogues, somatostatin antagonists, bombesin and bombesin analogues, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and GRP analogues, neuromedin B and neuromedin B analogues, vasoactive secretin family, melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) and MSH analogues, cholecystokinins (CCK), gastrins, neurotensin and neurotensin analogues, gonadotropin-releasing hormone family, neurokines, exendins or exenatides, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides, Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) peptides, neuregulins or wherein the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety has binding specificity to membrane receptors.

As used herein, the term “analogue” refers to a compound which exhibits an amino acid sequence with at least 75% identity to the peptide, preferably with at least 80% identity to the peptide, especially preferred with at least 85% identity to the peptide.

As used herein, the term “antagonist” refers to a compound which binds a peptide receptor without triggering a signaling cascade.

Merlo et al., Raderer et al. and Kaltsas et al. describe somatostatin analogues, in particular octreotide, octreotate and lanreotide and their somatostatin receptor binding (Merlo et al. 1999, Raderer et al. 2000, Kaltsas et al. 2005). In an embodiment, the somatostatin analogue is octreotide, octreotate or lanreotide.

Wild et al. 2011 describes a somatostatin antagonist, in particular pNO₂—Phe-c(_(D)Cys-Tyr-_(D)Trp-Lys-Thr-Cys)_(D)TyrNH₂ (BASS) and its somatostatin receptor binding (Wild et al. 2011). Gonzalez et al. describes bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuromedin B and their analogues (Gonzalez et al. 2008). Furthermore, Ohki-Hamazaki et al. describes bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuromedin B and their analogues, in particular the bombesin analogue alytesin (Ohki-Hamazaki et al. 2005).

Hessenius et al. and Raderer et al. 2000 describe the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and their binding to VIP receptors (Hessenius et al. 2000, Raderer et al. 2000).

Chen et al. and Yang et al. describe α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), α-MSH analogues and their receptor binding (Chen et al. 2002, Yang et al. 2009). In an embodiment, MSH analogues are selected from cyclized α-MSH, melanotan I or melanotan II.

Froberg et al. and Kolenc-Peitl et al. describe DOTA conjugated cholecystokinin (CCK)-2 and gastrin and their receptor binding (Froberg et al. 2009, Kolenc-Peitl et al. 2011).

De Visser et al. and Buchegger et al. describe neurotensin analogues, in particular DOTA and DTPA conjugated neurotensin analogues and a hexapeptide analogue of the carboxy-terminus of neurotensin (de Visser et al. 2003, Buchegger et al. 2003).

Reubi et al. describes the effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and neuropeptide Y analogues and their receptor binding in cancer (Reubi et al. 2001).

Nagy and Schally and Popovics et al. describe luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and a cytotoxic LHRH conjugate and their receptor as specific target for cancer therapy (Nagy and Schally 2005, Popovics et al. 2014).

Beaujouan et al. describes tachykinins or neurokinins, respectively, in particular substance P, neurokinin A and B (NKA and NKB) and neuropeptide Y and K (NPY and NPK) and their receptors (Beaujouan et al. 2004).

Wild et al. and Brom et al. describe Exendin-3, Exendin-4, their conjugates and their binding to glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (Wild et al. 2006, Wild et al. 2010, Brom et al. 2010).

Haubner et al., Decristoforo et al. and Dumont et al. describe Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide conjugates for the binding of αvβ3 integrin (Haubner et al. 2005, Decristoforo et al. 2008, Dumont et al. 2011).

Arap et al. describes the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide and the Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) peptide, conjugates with the peptides and their binding on cancer cells (Arap et al. 1998).

In an embodiment, peptides with binding specificity to membrane receptors have a binding specificity to membrane receptors selected from cluster of differentiation (CD) molecules, cytokine and chemokine receptors, tyrosine-kinase receptor family members, members of the epidermal growth factor receptor family, members of the ephrin receptor family, so called prostate specific antigens, embryonic and onco-fetal antigens, members of the vascular endothelia growth factor receptor family, members of the mucin protein family, folate binding proteins and receptors, ligands of the NKG2D receptor, members of the epithelial glycoprotein (EGP) family, disialogangliosides, members of the carbonic anhydrase family, and members of the carbohydrate antigen family, lectins, lectin-like molecules, members of the tumor-necrosis factor receptor family, members of the keratin family and mutants of the membrane receptors.

As used herein, the term “mutants” refers to membrane receptors having at least 75% identity in the extracellular region, preferably at least 90%.

In a preferred embodiment, peptides with binding specificity to membrane receptors have a binding specificity to membrane receptors selected from CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD10, CD13, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD23, CD30, CD25, CD33, CD38, CD44, CD52, CD90, CD99, CD123, CD181, CD182, CD184, CD223, CD269, CD274, CD276, CD279 and CD366, interleukin receptors, especially preferred IL-8Rα (CXCR1), IL-8Rβ (CXCR2), IL-11Rα, IL-11Rβ, IL-13Rα1 and 2, CXCR4; c-Met, transforming growth factor β receptors, ErbB1, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 and mutants thereof, ephrin receptors, especially preferred EphA1-10 or EphB1-6; prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), embryonic antigens (e.g. carcinoembryonic antigen CEA, fetal acethylcholine receptor), onco-fetal antigens, tumor-specific glycans [e.g. serine- or threonine-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (Tn) or derivatives like sialyl-Tn]; VEGFR 1, VEGFR 2 or VEGFR 3, Neuropilin-1, epithelia cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), alphafetoprotein (AFP), mucins, especially preferred MUC1, MUC16 or MUC18; follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), human high molecular weight-melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA), folate binding protein (FBP), a folate receptor, NKG2D, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, especially preferred MHC class I chain-related gene A (MICA) or B (MICB), UL16 binding protein (ULPB) 1, ULPB 2, ULPB 3, ribonucleic acid export 1 (Rae-1) family members or histocompatibility 60 (H-60); chaperones and heat shock proteins, especially preferred heat shock protein (HSP) 90 or 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78); EGP-2 or EGP-4, diasialoganglioside 2 (GD2) or GD3, carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX), Lewis Y (LeY), C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1), tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor, apoptosis antigen 1 (APO-1, Fas, CD95), Notch ligands (e.g. Delta-like 1 and 4), members of the keratin family or integrins, especially preferred αvβ3 or αvβ5, aminopeptidase A, aminopeptidase N or neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2).

Clark-Lewis et al. describes interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-8 analogues and their binding capacity to specific membrane receptors on neutrophils (Clark-Lewis et al. 1991).

Cardó-Vila et al. describes interleukin-11 (IL-11) and IL-11 analogues and their binding capacity to the IL-11 receptor, e.g. on the surface of tumor cells (Cardó-Vila et al. 2008).

Sai et al. describes a peptide specifically binding to interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha 2 (Sai et al. 2017).

Hanaoka et al. describes the design of a 14-residue peptide as inhibitor for the chemokine receptor CXCR4, the synthesis of a DTPA conjugate of the peptide and the receptor binding (Hanaoka et al. 2006). Furthermore, Jacobson et al. describes the development of a highly selective CXCR4 antagonist based on a short peptide (Jacobson et al. 2010). Laverman et al. discloses receptor-binding peptides, in particular targeting receptors overexpressed on tumor cells. Laverman et al. discloses CKK peptides, GLP-1 peptides, CXCR4-binding peptides and Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor-targeting peptides (BN, GRP and BN analogues) (Laverman et al. 2012).

Broda et al. describes the c-Met binding peptide cMBP2 and a method to select suitable binding peptides to receptors, in particular on tumor cells (Broda et al. 2015).

Wang et al. describes a conjugate of an erbB2 binding peptide (LTVSPWY) (Wang et al. 2007a).

Kolonin et al. and Staquicini et al. describe peptide ligands to the ephrin receptor EphA5 for targeting human cancer cells (Kolonin et al. 2006, Staquicini et al. 2015).

Barrett et al., Vallabhajosula et al. and Afshar-Oromieh et al. describe peptides binding prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (Barrett et al. 2013, Vallabhajosula et al. 2014, Afshar-Oromieh et al. 2015). Furthermore, WO 2010/108125 A2 and WO 2015/055318 A1 disclose PSMA-binding peptides.

De Rosa et al. describes the design and synthesis of peptides showing a VEGF-like receptor binding to the receptor VEGFR2 (De Rosa et al. 2016). Michaloski et al. describes peptides that bind to all VEGFRs (Michaloski et al. 2016).

Karjalainen et al. describe a peptide binding to Neuropilin-1 (Karjalainen et al. 2011).

Iwasaki et al. 2015 describe a 14-mer macrocyclic peptide binding to the extracellular domain of epithelia cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) (Iwasaki et al. 2015).

Cardó-Vila et al. 2010 describes a peptide binding to EGFR (Caro-Vila et al. 2010).

Staquicini et al. 2008 describes MUC18-derived 9-mer and 10-mer peptides binding to MUC18, mimicking its homophilic interaction (Staquicini et al. 2008).

Arap et al. describes the stress response chaperon GRP78 binding peptides motifs and synthetic chimeric peptides comprising the GRP78 binding motifs for targeting tumor cells (Arap et al. 2004) and Vidal et al. describes a peptide binding to HSP90 (Vidal et al. 2004).

Kajiwara et al. describes a method for the design of synthetic peptides binding to receptors, in particular the design and synthesis of synthetic peptides binding members of the tumor-necrosis factor receptor family, TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand receptor), TNFR1 or Fas (apoptosis antigen 1, APO-1, CD95) (Kajiwara et al. 2004).

Soudy et al. describes two peptides, 12-mer and 10-mer, and their conjugates binding keratin 1, a member of the keratin family (Soudy et al. 2017).

Cardo-Vila et al. describes a αvβ5-binding peptide (Cardo-Vila et al. 2003).

Marchio et al. describes a peptide targeting Aminopeptidase A (Marchio et al. 2004). Pasqualini et al. describes the targeting of a drug to aminopeptidase N (CD13) via an NGR peptide tag (Pasqualini et al. 2000).

Burg et al. describes peptides targeting NG2 on neovasculature (Burg et al. 1999).

Preferably, the peptides with binding specificity to membrane receptors are selected from the group disclosed by Clark-Lewis et al., Cardó-Vila et al. (2003/2008/2010), Sai et al., Hanaoka et al., Jacobson et al., Laverman et al., Broda et al., Wang et al., Kolonin et al., Staquicini et al. (2008/2015), Barrett et al., Vallabhajosula et al. and Afshar-Oromieh et al., De Rosa et al., Michaloski et al., Karjalainen et al., Iwasaki et al., Arap et al., Kajiwara et al., Soudy et al., Marchio et al., Pasqualini et al. or Burg et al.

In a preferred embodiment, the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety is selected from somatostatin, bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), melanotan 2 (α-M2), cholecystokinin (CCK) or gastrin, neurotensin, neuropeptide Y, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), substance P, Exendin, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide or Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) peptide.

In an embodiment, the targeting module is a peptide comprising 13 to 85 amino acids, especially preferred 20 to 60 amino acids.

In an embodiment, the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety is a peptide with 3 to 75 amino acids, preferred 10 to 50 amino acids.

In a further embodiment, the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety comprises one peptide (monospecific), two, three or more peptides (bi- and multispecific).

In a further embodiment, the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety comprises at least two peptides selected from somatostatin and somatostatin analogues, somatostatin antagonists, bombesin and bombesin analogues, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and GRP analogues, neuromedin B and neuromedin B analogues, vasoactive secretin family, melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) and MSH analogues, cholecystokinins (CCK), gastrins, neurotensin and neurotensin analogues, gonadotropin-releasing hormone family, neurokines, exendins or exenatides, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides and Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) peptides, neuregulins or peptides with binding specificity to membrane receptors.

Examples for a chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety with at least two peptides include, but are not limited to, a combination of two different peptides binding to the same cell surface protein (e.g. IL-11R, IL-13RA2, ErbB2, PSCA, PSMA, VEGFR or GD2), a combination of a PSMA-binding peptide and peptides binding to VEGFR-2, PSCA, IL-11R or MUC1, combinations of peptides binding to GD2 and CD90 or a combination of melanotan I and II, their analogues or the circularized peptides.

In a further embodiment, the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety and/or the tag comprise D amino acids, pseudo peptide bonds, amino alcohols, non-proteinogenic amino acids, amino acids with modified side chains and/or the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety and/or the tag are circularized peptides.

According to the invention, the tag is a peptide from any protein, against which an antibody or other binding domain is available.

In further embodiments, the tag is a peptide from any human protein, against which an antibody or other binding domain is available.

In further embodiments, the tag is a peptide from a human nuclear protein, against which an antibody or other binding domain is available.

The invention comprises further the use of target modules according to the invention for preparing a medication for therapeutic and/or diagnostic use in case of cancer or an autoimmune disease.

The invention also encompasses a method for treatment of a human having cancer, infectious, inflammatory or an autoimmune disease by administration of target modules according to the invention.

For therapeutic applications, a sterile pharmaceutical composition, containing a pharmacologically effective quantity of target modules according to the invention, is administered to a patient in order to treat the aforementioned illnesses.

The invention will be explained in more detail with the aid of the following figures and embodiments without limiting the invention to them.

The present invention will now be further explained by the following non-limiting figures and examples.

FIG. 1 shows a schema of the modular composition of the UniCAR platform and mode of action of UniCAR platform by binding of target specific peptide targeting modules (pTM) to target structures on the surface of a target cell, for example tumor cell as in the scheme.

FIG. 2 shows a schema of an universal chimeric antigen receptor (UniCAR) with three domains, wherein the first domain is a tag-binding domain (e.g. scFv anti tag), the second domain is an extracellular hinge (ECD) and a transmembrane domain (TMD) and the third domain is a signal transduction domain (ICD), and the optional fourth domain is a short peptide linker in the extracellular portion of the receptor (not shown).

FIG. 3 shows the vector pLVX-EFlalpha UniCAR 28/ζ (Clontech, Takara Bio Group) with 5′ long terminal repeat (5′ LTR), primer binding site (PBS), packaging signal (4P), Rev-response element (RRE), central polypurine tract/central termination sequence (cPPT/CTS), human elongation factor 1 alpha promoter (PEF1α), multiple cloning site (MCS), internal ribosome entry site (IRES), human-codon-optimized (ZsGreen1), woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE), 3′ long terminal repeat (3′ LTR), origin of replication (pUC), ampicillin resistance gene (Ampr), β-lactamase.

FIG. 4 shows the group specific antigen (gag) and Polymerase (pol) encoding plasmid psPAX2 with CMV enhancer and promoter (CMVenh), splice donor (SD), splice acceptor (SA), Group-specific antigen (Gag), Precursor protein encoding the protease protein (Pro), Protein encoding the reverse transcriptase and integrase (Pol), rev responsive element (RRE), ampicillin (Amp).

FIG. 5 shows the plasmid pMD2.G encoding for an envelope with CMV enhancer and promoter (CMV), beta-globin intron (beta-globin intror), beta-globin poly adenosine tail (beta-globin pA).

FIG. 6 shows peptide targeting module dose-dependent cytotoxic activity of human native T cells genetically engineered to express UniCAR towards prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expressing target cells (OCI-AML3 genetically engineered to express PSMA) in the presence of a PSMA-specific peptide targeting module (TM-pPSMA). Lysis relative to control samples with only target cells after 24h and 48h incubation time is shown. For control of alloreactivity UniCAR-T were incubated with target cells in absence of TM-pPSMA (cells only). FIG. 7 shows peptide targeting module dose-dependent secretion of T cell specific cytokines (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF, interferon gamma IFN-γ, interleukin 2 IL-2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF □) of human native T cells genetically engineered to express UniCAR upon establishment of an immune synapse to target cells by peptide targeting modules.

FIG. 8 shows peptide targeting module dose-dependent activation of human native T cells genetically engineered to express UniCAR as determined by activation marker CD25 surface expression upon establishment of an immune synapse to target cells by peptide targeting modules.

FIG. 9 depicts a targeting module according to the invention binding to PSMA, including a PSMA binding glutamate-urea-lysine motif, followed by Z being a single chelator [i.e. a N,N-bis(2-Hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N-diacetic acid (HBED) chelator] or aromatic amino acid or multiple thereof and O being a linker of 2 or more repeats (i.e. PEG linker) connected to the La 5B9 epitope.

FIG. 10 depicts a targeting module according to the invention binding to PSMA, including a PSMA binding glutamate-urea-lysine motif, followed by Z being a single chelator [i.e. a N,N-bis(2-Hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N-diacetic acid (HBED) chelator] or aromatic amino acid or multiple thereof and O being a linker of 2 or more repeats (i.e. PEG linker) connected to the La 7B6 epitope.

In preferred embodiments, the tag is a peptide from the human nuclear La protein. In an embodiment, the peptide from the human nuclear La protein is selected from short linear epitopes recognized by the monoclonal anti-La antibodies 5B9 or 7B6. Preferably, the tag is a short linear epitope from the human nuclear La protein (E5B9) according to SEQ. ID NO. 25 or from the E7B6 epitope according to SEQ. ID NO. 27.

In further embodiments, the targeting module according to the invention further comprises at least one additional ligand. Additional ligands are not involved in the target antigen binding. In an embodiment, at least one additional ligand is selected from costimulatory ligands or cytokines fused to the N- or C-terminus of the targeting module, preferably the extracellular domain of CD28, CD137 (41BB), CD134 (OX40), CD27 or IL-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17 and 11-21. In further embodiments, the at least one additional ligand is selected from chemical compounds which induce cell death in the target and neighboring cells.

In further embodiments, the targeting module according to the invention further comprises a chelator. As used herein, the term “chelator” refers to a compound which forms two or more separate coordinate bonds with one metal ion. In an embodiment, the chelator is selected from diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″, N′″-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3), 6-Hydrazinopridine-3-carboxylic acid (Hynic), hydroxybenzyl ethylenediamine (HBED), N,N′-bis [2-hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetic acid (HBED-CC) or 2-(3-(1-carboxy-5-[(6-fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-pentyl)-ureido)-pentanedioic acid (DCFPyL).

In preferred embodiments, the targeting module according to the invention comprises a chelator at the C-terminus.

In embodiments, the targeting module according to the invention comprising a chelator further comprises a metal or metal ion, preferably a radionuclide. The term “radionuclide” refers to an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. In an embodiment, the radionuclide is selected from ⁵¹Cr, ⁸⁹Sr, ⁹⁰Y, ⁹⁹mTc, ¹¹¹In, ¹³³Xe, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁶⁹Er, ¹⁸⁶Re, ²⁰¹Tl or ²²⁴Ra.

In embodiments, the targeting module according to the invention comprising a chelator is used for the preparation of a radiolabeled compound.

In embodiments, the targeting module according to the invention binds to PSMA and has a structure according to Formula (I), including a PSMA binding glutamate-urea-lysine motif, followed by a short linker and a N,N-bis(2-Hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N-diacetic acid (HBED) chelator. A PEG linker is connected to the chelator followed by the La 5B9 epitope.

In embodiments, the targeting module according to the invention binds to PSMA and has a structure according to Formula (II), including a PSMA binding glutamate-urea-lysine motif, followed by a short linker and a N,N-bis(2-Hydroxybenzyl)ethylenediamine-N,N-diacetic acid (HBED) chelator. A PEG linker is connected to the chelator followed by the La 7B6 epitope.

In embodiments, the targeting module according to the invention binds to IL13RA2 and has a structure according to SEQ. ID NO. 26, including a IL13RA2 binding motif, followed by a linker and the La 5B9 epitope.

Targeting Module Production

Peptide targeting modules (pTMs) comprise two domains, a binding moiety specific for a certain human cell surface protein or protein complex and a tag, which is recognized by the binding moiety of the UniCAR. pTMs can be manufactured by techniques known to the skilled artisan. These techniques include, but are not limited to, artificial synthesis of polypeptide chains or solid-phase and solution-phase chemical synthesis.

In one aspect, a pTM may be synthesized in a single, two or multiple solution-phase chemical synthesis procedure. As a first step a 1-(9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-amino)-4,7,10-trioxa-13-tridecanamine hydrochloride (Fmoc-TOTA*HCl) linker molecule is dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM) with N,N diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) and loaded onto 2-chlorotrityl polystyrene resin (2-chlorotrityl PS). Thereby Fmoc-TOTA*HCl is covalently linked to the resin for further processing. To block the unreacted 2 chlorotritylchlorids of 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin, a capping solution consisting of methanol and DIPEA in DCM can be used. Afterwards the covalently linked structure 4,7,10-trioxa-13-tridecanamine (TOTA) which later functions as linker in the final molecule is deprotected from its fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protecting group using 20% piperidine in dimethylformamide (DMF). Next, fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl/tert-Butyl (Fmoc/tBu)-strategy can be used to add amino acids sequentially to fixed TOTA. Single amino acids are protected by corresponding protecting groups. Coupling can takes place with N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and ethyl 2-cyano-2-hydroxyimino)acetate (Oxyma Pure) in DMC/N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or using Boc-O-tert-butyl-L-serine (dicyclohexylammonium) salt (Boc-Ser(tBu)-OH*DCHA) and benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) as coupling reagent. In this way, amino acid chains of varying length from 2 to 100 can be generated. The constructed peptide with its TOTA linker is cleaved from the resin using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) in dimethyl carbonate (DCM). Protecting groups of side groups and N-terminal tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) are unaffected. DCM is used as solvent.

HPLC process is used to replace to the trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) counter-ion with acetate counter-ion followed by a final freeze drying.

Final products can be purified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In particular, reversed-phase HPLC can be helpful. A common purification buffer is TFA. Alternatively or additionally ion exchange chromatography can be applied to purify final peptide products.

In further embodiments, the targeting module according to the invention is used in the treatment of cancer, infections, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.

In a further aspect the present invention further comprises a kit comprising

-   -   a) at least one targeting module according to the invention and     -   b) a vector or a cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a         universal chimeric antigen receptor,     -   wherein the universal chimeric antigen receptor comprises three         domains,     -   wherein         -   the first domain is a tag-binding domain,         -   the second domain is an extracellular hinge and a             transmembrane domain and         -   the third domain is a signal transduction domain,     -   wherein tag-binding domain binds to the tag of the targeting         module according to the present invention.

As used herein, the term “universal chimeric antigen receptor” refers to an artificial chimeric fusion protein, in particular a receptor comprising a tag-binding domain, an extracellular hinge and a transmembrane domain and a signal transduction domain (FIG. 2). The domains can be derived from different sources and therefore, the receptor is called chimeric. Advantageously, the receptor can bind with the tag-binding domain to different targeting modules and therefore is universal.

Advantageously, the cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a universal chimeric antigen receptor (UniCAR) expresses the UniCAR, which has binding specificity for the tag of the targeting module, which in turn binds to a cellular surface protein or an extracellular structure.

As used herein, the term “domain” refers to a part of a protein sequence, which can exist and function independently from the rest of the protein.

In embodiments, the kit comprises at least two targeting modules according to the invention, wherein the at least two targeting modules comprise different chemically synthesized peptide binding moieties specific for a human cell surface protein or protein complex, and the same tag, wherein the tag is a peptide from a human nuclear protein.

In embodiments, the kit comprises one to five targeting modules according to the invention, preferably one to three targeting modules.

In embodiments, the tag-binding domain is present at the amino terminal end of the polypeptide that comprises the UniCAR. Advantageously, locating the tag-binding domain at the amino terminus permits the tag-binding domain unhampered access to the tagged targeting module that is bound to the target cell.

In further embodiments, the tag-binding domain is an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment. As used herein, the term “antibody” refers to a protein which binds antigens via the Fab's variable region. The fragment antigen-binding (Fab) fragment is a region on an antibody that binds to antigens. It is composed of one constant and one variable domain of each of the heavy and the light chain. As used herein, the term “antigen-binding fragment” refers to a protein comprising at least the variable domain of a light or heavy chain of an antibody. In an embodiment, antigen-binding fragments are selected from single-chain variable fragment (scFv), single chain antibodies, F(ab′)2 fragments, Fab fragments, and fragments produced by a Fab expression library.

In embodiments, the tag-binding domain is obtained from an animal species, preferably from a mammal such as human, simian, mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, horse, cow, sheep, goat, pig, dog or cat. Preferably, the tag-binding domain is a human or humanized antibody.

In embodiments, the tag-binding domain is a polyclonal, monoclonal, or chimeric antibody, wherein an antigen binding region of a non-human antibody is transferred into the framework of a human antibody by recombinant DNA techniques.

In embodiments, antibodies to a selected tag may be produced by immunization of various hosts including, but not limited to, goats, rabbits, rats, mice, humans, through injection with a particular protein or any portion, fragment or oligopeptide that retain immunogenic properties of the protein.

In embodiments, the tag-binding domain binds to a tag from a human nuclear La protein, preferably the tag-binding domain is an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment, wherein the tag-binding domain constitutes an anti-La epitope scFv, more preferably an anti-La epitope scFv according to SEQ ID NO. 21 and 22 or 23 and 24.

Advantageously, tags are peptide sequences from nuclear antigens, which cannot be accessed and bound by the corresponding tag-binding domain in the context of the native protein under physiological conditions. Furthermore advantageously, the tag is not immunogenic. This leads to minimization of risk of uncontrolled on-target off-site toxicities by UniCAR expressing immune cells like release of toxic levels of cytokines, referred to variously as cytokine storms or cytokine release syndrome (CRS).

As used herein, the term “single chain variable fragment (scFv)” refers to an artificial antigen-binding fragment comprising a variable domain of a light and a heavy chain of an antibody covalently linked. In an embodiment, the variable domain of a light (VL) and a heavy chain (VH) of an antibody are covalently linked by a short peptide of ten to 25 amino acids. In a further embodiment, the short peptide links the N-terminus of the VH with the C-terminus of the VL, or vice versa.

As used herein, the term “extracellular hinge” refers to a flexible peptide sequence connecting the tag-binding domain and the transmembrane domain, which allows the UniCAR to protrude from the surface of the cell for optimal binding to its particular tag.

As used herein, the term “transmembrane domain” refers to a peptide sequence which is thermodynamically stable in a membrane and therefore, anchors the UniCAR into the cell membrane of the cell.

In a further embodiment, the extracellular hinge and transmembrane domain is selected from hinge and transmembrane domains of human CD28 molecule, CD8a chain, NK cell receptors, preferably natural killer group NKG2D; or parts of the constant region of an antibody and combinations thereof. As used herein, the term “combinations thereof” refers to combinations of different hinge and transmembrane domains.

Pinthus et al. 2003, Pinthus et al. 2004, Cartellieri et al. 2014 and Cartellieri et al. 2016 describe the use of hinge and transmembrane domains of human CD28 molecule in CARs (Pinthus et al. 2003, Pinthus et al. 2004, Cartellieri et al. 2014, Cartellieri et al 2016).

Carpentino et al., Milone et al. and Zhao et al. describe the use of hinge and transmembrane domains of human CD8a molecule in CARs (Carpentino et al. 2009, Milone et al. 2009, Zhao et al. 2009).

Zhang et al. 2005 and Zhang et al. 2006 describe the use of hinge and transmembrane domains of NKG2D in CARs (Zhang et al. 2005, Zhang et al. 2006).

Hombach et al., Frigault et al. and Wang et al. describe the use of hinge and transmembrane domains of parts of the constant region of immunoblobulin G1 (IgG) (Hombach et al. 2007, Frigault et al. 2015, Wang et al. 2007b). Frigault et al. describes the use of hinge domains of the constant region of IgG4.

Examples of combinations of the extracellular hinge and transmembrane domain are, but are not limited to, CD28 extracellular hinge and transmembrane domain, CD8alpha extracellular hinge and transmembrane domain, IgG1 or IgG4 constant regions combined with CD28 or CD137 transmembrane domain.

As used herein, the term “signal transduction domain” refers to an amino acid sequence which transmits a signal into the cell by cross-linkage of the cell expressing the UniCAR (effector cell) to a human cell surface protein or protein complex (target cell). Cross-linkage between effector and target cell is mediated by the targeting module according to the invention.

In further embodiments, the signal transduction domain is selected from cytoplasmic regions of CD28, CD137 (4-1BB), CD134 (OX40), DAP10 and CD27, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), cytoplasmic regions of CD3 chains, DAP12 and activating Fc receptors.

Hombach et al., Maher et al. and Cartellieri et al. describe the use of cytoplasmic regions of CD28 as signal transduction domain in CARs (Hombach et al. 2001, Maher et al. 2002, Cartellieri et al. 2014, Cartellieri et al. 2016).

Milone et al. and Finney et al. describe the use of cytoplasmic regions of CD137 (4-1BB) as signal transduction domain (Finney et al. 2004, Milone et al. 2009).

Finney et al., Hombach and Abken 2011 and Hombach and Abken 2013 describe the use of cytoplasmic regions of CD134 (OX40) as signal transduction domain in CARs (Finney et al. 2004, Hombach and Abken 2011, Hombach and Abken 2013).

Zhang et al. describes the use of DAP10 as signal transduction domain (Zhang et al. 2005).

Fedorov et al. describes the use of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) as signal transduction domain in CARs (Fedorov et al. 2013).

Gong et al. and Gade et al. describe the use of cytoplasmic regions CD3 chains, in particular the CD3ζ chain, as signal transduction domain in CARs (Gong et al. 1999, Gade et al. 2005).

Töpfer et al. describes the use of DAP12 as signal transduction domain in CARs (Töpfer et al. 2015).

Lamers et al. and Kershaw et al. describe the use of activating Fc receptors, in particular the Fc epsilon receptor γ chain, as signal transduction domain (Lamers et al. 2004, Kershaw et al. 2006).

In an embodiment, the universal chimeric antigen receptor comprises at least one signal transduction domain, preferably two, three, four or more signal transduction domains, especially preferably selected from cytoplasmic regions of CD28, CD137 (4-1BB), CD134 (OX40), DAP10 and CD27, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), cytoplasmic regions of CD3 chains, DAP12 and activating Fc receptors.

In further embodiments a nucleic acid encoding a universal chimeric antigen receptor referred to as UniCAR01 according to SEQ. ID NO. 1 is provided. The nucleic acid sequence encodes a human IL-2m leader peptide according to SEQ. ID NO. 2, a humanized heavy chain of an anti-La 5B9 scFv according to SEQ. ID NO. 3, a humanized light chain of an anti-La 5B9 scFv according to SEQ. ID NO. 4, a human CD28 portion according to SEQ. ID NO. 5 to 7, including a human CD28 extracellular part with mutated binding motif according to SEQ. ID NO. 5, a CD28 transmembrane domain according to SEQ. ID NO. 6, and a human CD28 intracellular part including a mutated internalization motif according to SEQ. ID NO. 7, and a human CD3 zeta intracellular domain according to SEQ. ID NO. 8.

The product of the protein expression of the nucleic acid according to SEQ. ID NO. 1 can be obtained in SEQ. ID NO. 17.

The nucleic acid sequence of humanized anti-La 5B9 variable region heavy chain according to SEQ. ID NO. 3 encodes for a protein according to SEQ. ID NO. 21, whereas the humanized anti-La 5B9 variable region light chain according to SEQ. ID NO. 4 encodes for a protein according to SEQ. ID NO. 22.

In further embodiments a nucleic acid sequence encoding an universal chimeric antigen receptor referred to as UniCAR02 according to SEQ. ID NO. 9 is provided. The nucleic acid sequence encodes a human IL-2m leader peptide according to SEQ. ID NO. 2, a humanized heavy chain of an anti-La 5B9 scFv according to SEQ. ID NO. 3, a humanized light chain of an anti-La 5B9 scFv according to SEQ. ID NO. 4, an extracellular hinge and a transmembrane region of the human CD8alpha chain according to SEQ. ID NO. 10 and 11, a human CD137 intracellular signaling domain according to SEQ. ID NO. 12, and a human CD3 zeta intracellular domain according to SEQ. ID NO. 8.

The product of the protein expression of the isolated nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ. ID NO. 9 can be obtained in SEQ. ID NO. 18.

In further embodiments a nucleic acid encoding a universal chimeric antigen receptor referred to as UniCAR03 according to SEQ. ID NO. 13 is provided. The nucleic acid sequence encodes a human IL-2m leader peptide according to SEQ. ID NO. 2, a humanized heavy chain of an anti-La 7B6 scFv according to SEQ. ID NO. 14, a humanized light chain of an anti-La 7B6 scFv according to SEQ. ID NO. 15, a human CD28 portion according to SEQ. ID NO. 5 to 7, including a human CD28 extracellular part with mutated binding motif according to SEQ. ID NO. 5, a CD28 transmembrane domain according to SEQ. ID NO. 6, and a human CD28 intracellular part including a mutated internalization motif according to SEQ. ID NO. 7, and a human CD3 zeta intracellular domain according to SEQ. ID NO. 8.

The product of the protein expression of the nucleic acid according to SEQ. ID NO. 13 can be obtained in SEQ. ID NO. 19.

The nucleic acid sequence of humanized anti-7B6 variable region heavy chain according to SEQ. ID NO. 14 encodes for a protein according to SEQ. ID NO. 23, whereas the humanized anti-7B6 variable region light chain according to SEQ. ID NO. 15 encodes for a protein according to SEQ. ID NO. 24.

In a further embodiment a nucleic acid sequence encoding a reversed universal chimeric antigen receptor referred to as UniCAR04 according to SEQ. ID NO. 16 is provided. The nucleic acid sequence encodes a human IL-2m leader peptide according to SEQ. ID NO. 2, a humanized heavy chain of an anti-La 7B6 scFv according to SEQ. ID NO. 14, a humanized light chain of an anti-La 7B6 scFv according to SEQ. ID NO. 15, an extracellular hinge and a transmembrane region of the human CD8alpha chain according to SEQ. ID NO. 10 and 11, a human CD137 intracellular signaling domain according to SEQ. ID NO. 12, and a human CD3 zeta intracellular domain according to SEQ. ID NO. 8.

The product of the protein expression of the isolated nucleic acid sequence according to SEQ. ID 16 can be obtained in SEQ. ID NO. 20.

In a further embodiment, the universal chimeric antigen receptor comprises a fourth domain, wherein the fourth domain is a short peptide linker in the extracellular portion of the receptor.

In a further embodiment, the fourth domain forms a linear epitope for a monoclonal antibody (mab) specifically binding to the fourth domain. In an embodiment, the fourth domain comprises at least one linear epitope.

In a further embodiment, the fourth domain is located in the tag-binding domain, in between the tag-binding domain and the extracellular hinge domain or an integral part of the extracellular hinge domain.

Advantageously, the UniCAR engrafted immune cells with the fourth domain can be specifically stimulated to proliferate preferentially and persist longer compared to non-engrafted immune cells either in vitro or in vivo. Further advantageously, the fourth domain may be also used to purify UniCAR engrafted immune cells from mixed cell populations or to dampen UniCAR engrafted immune cell mediated immune response and to eliminate UniCAR engrafted immune cells in vivo.

In a further embodiment, the universal chimeric antigen receptor comprises a signal peptide. Advantageously, the signal peptide allows for expression on the cell surface of an effector cell. In an embodiment, the signal peptide is at the N-terminus of the UniCAR nuclide acid sequence in front of the tag-binding domain. In an embodiment, the signal peptide targets proteins to the secretory pathway either co-translationally or post-translationally and is selected from leader peptides from proteins like CD28, CD8alpha, IL-2 or the heavy or light chains of antibodies of human origin to avoid immunogenic reactions.

In a further embodiment, the nucleic acid is a cDNA. The term cDNA (complementary DNA) refers to double-stranded DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA, e.g. mRNA, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

In an embodiment, the cell is selected from autologous, syngeneic or allogeneic cells, depending on the disease to be treated and the means available to do so. In an embodiment, the cell is selected from immune cells with cytolytic, phagocytic or immunosuppressive activity, such as T cells, including regulatory T cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells and macrophages. In a preferred embodiment, the cell is selected from T cells, including alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cells or subpopulations of T cells like stem-cell memory T cells or central memory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells; or NK cells. In one aspect, effector cells are from a certain HLA background and utilized in an autologous or allogeneic system. Effector cells can be isolated from any source, including from a tumor explant of the subject being treated or intratumoral cells of the subject being treated. In an embodiment, effector cells may be generated by in vitro differentiation from pluri- or multipotent stem or progenitor cells prior to or after genetic manipulation of the respective cells to express UniCARs. In the following, the term “effector cell” refers to any kind of aforementioned immune cells genetically altered to express UniCARs on their cell surface.

UniCAR Cell Production

The immune cells can be genetically engineered to express UniCARs by various methods. A polynucleotide vector encoding the UniCAR and all necessary elements to ensure its expression in the genetically engineered immune cell is transferred into the immune cell. The transfer of the vector can be performed by electroporation or transfection of nucleic acids or the help of viral vector systems like adeno-, adeno-associated, retro-, foamy- or lentiviral viral gene transfer.

The lentiviral gene transfer is applied for stable expression of UniCARs in immune cells by first constructing a lentiviral vector encoding for a selected UniCAR. The lentiviral vector is pLVX-EF1alpha UniCAR 28/ζ (Clontech, Takara Bio Group) as shown in FIG. 3, in which the lentiviral parts of the vector are derived from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the MSC/IRES/ZxGreenI portion was replaced by the UniCAR construct.

The lentiviral particles are produced by transient transfection of human embryonal kidney (HEK) 293T (ACC 635) cells with the UniCAR encoding lentiviral vector plasmid and cotransfection with a group specific antigen (gag) and Polymerase (pol) encoding plasmid (psPAX2) as depicted in FIG. 4 plus a plasmid encoding for an envelope (pMD2.G) as shown in FIG. 5. After transfection, the packaging plasmid expresses Gag and Pol protein of HIV-1. The plasmid MD2.G encodes the glycoprotein of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G). VSV-G protein is used to lentiviral vectors to transduce a broad range of mammalian cells. Various envelopes from different virus species can be utilized for this purpose. Lentiviral vectors can successfully pseudotype with the envelope glycoproteins (Env) of amphotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV) or the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G), a modified envelope of the prototypic foamy virus (PFV) or chimeric envelope glycoprotein variants derived from gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV) and MLV.

Supernatants from transfected HEK293T cells are harvested 24 h to 96 h after transfection and virus particles are concentrated from the supernatant by ultracentrifugation or other methods. For lentiviral transduction of immune cells peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or isolated T cells are activated with mab specific for the CD3 complex, e.g. clone OKT3 or UCHT1, either given in solution or coated to plastic cell culture dishes or magnetic beads. Activation of PBMC or isolated T cells is further enhanced by stimulating costimulatory pathways with mabs or ligands specific for CD27, CD28, CD134 or CD137 either alone or in combinations and the supply with exogenous recombinant cytokines like interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-21. Concentrated or non-concentrated virus particles are added to PBMC or T cell cultures 24 h to 96 h after initial administration of activating CD3 antibodies and/or recombinant cytokines as single or multiple doses.

Stable transduction of T cells may be determined flow cytometry after staining with tag-containing targeting modules for surface expression of UniCARs or mabs directed against the fourth domain of UniCARs from day 3 onwards after final administration of virus supernatant. UniCAR transduced T cells can be propagated in vitro by culturing them under supply of recombinant cytokines and activating anti-CD3 mabs.

In case the UniCAR harbors the optional fourth domain, a peptide sequence forming a linear epitope for a mab, immune cells genetically modified to express UniCARs can be specifically propagated in vitro by coating a mab or antibody fragments thereof binding to the fourth UniCAR domain to the surface of culture dishes or to beads of any kind, which are added to the cell culture at a defined ratio of 1 bead to 1 to 4 UniCAR engrafted effector cells. The binding of surface-coated mabs to the UniCAR peptide domain induces cross-linkage of cell-surface expressed UniCARs and formation of an immune synapse, which leads to the activation of signal pathways specifically triggered by the signal domain of the UniCAR. Depending on the signal pathways induced, this may lead to enhance proliferation and sustained resistance against activation-induced cell death of the UniCAR carrying immune cells and therefore enrichment of UniCAR genetically modified immune cells in a mixed population.

The optional fourth domain, a peptide sequence forming a linear epitope for a mab, can be further utilized to enrich and purify UniCAR expressing immune cells from mixed populations. Enrichment and purification is performed with the help of a mab or antibody fragment thereof binding to the fourth UniCAR domain to either mark UniCAR expressing cells for cell sorting or to transiently link the UniCAR expressing immune cell to small particles, which can be utilized for cell isolation. In one aspect, UniCAR engrafted immune cells are incubated with the mab recognizing the fourth domain. Next, magnetic beads are added, which are conjugated with antibodies or fragments thereof directed against the species- and isotype specific heavy and light chains of the mab binding to the optional fourth domain. Thus, UniCAR expressing immune cells and magnetic beads are linked and are trapped and separated from other immune cells in a magnetic field.

The present invention further comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising a kit according to the invention.

The pharmaceutical compositions are preferably administered parenterally, particularly preferred intravenously. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is present in a form suitable for intravenous administration. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition is a solution, emulsion, or suspension.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is an injectable buffered solution comprising between 0.1 μg/ml to 50 mg/ml of the targeting module, preferably between 0.5 μg/ml to 5 mg/ml of the targeting module.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable dilution agent or carrier. In an embodiment the carrier is water, buffered water, 0.4% saline solution, 0.3% glycine or a similar solvent. In an embodiment, the buffered water is selected from histidine buffered water at a pH value of pH 5.0 to pH 7.0, especially preferred at a pH of pH 6.0; or sodium succinate, sodium citrate, sodium phosphate, or potassium phosphate buffered water. In an embodiment, the buffer has a concentration of 1 mmol/l (mM) to 500 mM, preferably 1 mM to 50 mM, especially preferred 5 mM to 10 mM. In an embodiment, the carrier comprises sodium chloride, preferably in a concentration between 0 mM to 300 mM, especially preferred 150 mM. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises a stabilizer, preferably in a concentration between 1 mM to 50 mM, especially preferred between 5 mM and 10 mM. In an embodiment, the stabilizer is L-methionine.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipients” refers to compounds which provide approximately physiological conditions and/or to increase the stability, such as agents for adjusting the pH value and buffering agents, agents for adjusting the toxicity and the like. In an embodiment, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are selected from sodium acetate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium lactate.

In a preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the targeting module in a dosage quantity of 0.1 μg/kg to 1 mg/kg per administration, preferably dosage quantities of 1 μg/kg to 100 μg/kg of body weight.

In a further embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is sterile. The pharmaceutical composition is sterilized by conventional well-known techniques.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a kit according to the invention is used for administration to a subject.

The invention further comprises a kit according to the invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention for use in the treatment of cancer, infections and autoimmune disorders. The term “autoimmune disorder” refers to an abnormal immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body (autoimmunity).

In an embodiment, the kit according to the invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is used for preparing a medication for therapeutic and/or diagnostic use in case of cancer or an autoimmune disease.

The invention also encompasses a method for treatment of a human having cancer or an autoimmune or inflammatory disease by administration of a kit according to the invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention. For therapeutic applications, a sterile kit according to the invention or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, comprising a pharmacologically effective quantity of targeting module according to the invention and a vector or a cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a universal chimeric antigen receptor, is administered to a patient in order to treat the aforementioned illnesses.

In an embodiment, the kit according to the invention or the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is used for stimulating a universal chimeric antigen receptor mediated immune response in a mammal.

A method for stimulating a universal chimeric antigen receptor mediated immune response in a mammal, the method comprising:

-   -   administering to a mammal an effective amount of a vector or a         cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a universal chimeric         antigen receptor, wherein the universal chimeric antigen         receptor comprises three domains, wherein the first domain is a         tag-binding domain, the second domain is an extracellular hinge         and a transmembrane domain and the third domain is a signal         transduction domain, wherein tag-binding domain binds to a tag         from a human nuclear protein     -   administering a targeting module according to the invention,         wherein the targeting modules are administered to a subject         prior to, or concurrent with, or after administration of the         universal chimeric antigen receptor-expressing effector cells.

In a preferred embodiment, the kit according to the invention, in particular the targeting module and vector or cell, or the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention are administered to humans.

In further embodiments, the recently described embodiments can be combined.

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REFERENCE SIGNS

-   1 first domain, a tag-binding domain. -   2 second domain, an extracellular hinge and a transmembrane domain. -   3 third domain, a signal transduction domain. -   4 optional fourth domain, a short peptide linker. 

1. A targeting module comprising a chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety specific for a human cell surface protein or protein complex, and a tag, wherein the tag is a peptide from a protein, wherein the targeting module is a peptide comprising 10 to 120 amino acids, wherein the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety is selected from somatostatin and somatostatin analogues, somatostatin antagonists, bombesin and bombesin analogues, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and GRP analogues, neuromedin B and neuromedin B analogues, vasoactive secretin family, glutamate-urea-lysine motif, melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) and MSH analogues, cholecystokinins (CCK), gastrins, neurotensin and neurotensin analogues, gonadotropin-releasing hormone family, neurokines, exendins or exenatides, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides and Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) peptides, neuregulins or wherein the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety has binding specificity to membrane receptors.
 2. The targeting module according to claim 1, wherein the tag is a peptide from a human protein.
 3. The targeting module according to claim 1, wherein the tag is a peptide from a human nuclear protein.
 4. The targeting module according to claim 1, wherein the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety is selected from somatostatin, bombesin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glutamate-urea-lysine motif, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), melanotan 2 (α-M2), cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, neurotensin, neuropeptide Y, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), substance P, Exendin, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide, Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) peptides.
 5. The targeting module according to claim 1, wherein the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety comprises at least two peptides selected from somatostatin and somatostatin analogue, somatostatin antagonists, bombesin and bombesin analogues, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and GRP analogues, glutamate-urea-lysine motif, neuromedin B and neuromedin B analogues, vasoactive secretin family, melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) and MSH analogues, cholecystokinins (CCK), gastrins, neurotensin and neurotensin analogues, gonadotropin-releasing hormone family, neurokines, exendins or exenatides, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides and Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) peptides, neuregulins or wherein the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety has binding specificity to membrane receptors.
 6. The targeting module according to claim 1, wherein the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety and/or the tag comprise D amino acids, pseudo peptide bonds, amino alcohols, non-proteinogenic amino acids, amino acids with modified side chains and/or the chemically synthesized peptide binding moiety and/or the tag are circularized peptides.
 7. The targeting module according to claim 1, wherein the tag is a peptide from human nuclear La protein.
 8. The targeting module according to claim 1 according to SEQ. ID NO. 26, Formula (I) or Formula (II).
 9. The targeting module according to claim 1, further comprising a chelator.
 10. A method for the treatment of cancer, infection, or an inflammatory or autoimmune disorder comprising administering to a patient the targeting module according to claim
 1. 11. A kit comprising a) a targeting module according to claim 1 and b) a vector or a cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a universal chimeric antigen receptor, wherein the universal chimeric antigen receptor comprises three domains, wherein the first domain is a tag-binding domain, the second domain is an extracellular hinge and a transmembrane domain and the third domain is a signal transduction domain, wherein tag-binding domain binds to the tag of the targeting module according to claim
 1. 12. The kit according to claim 11, wherein tag-binding domain binds to a tag from a human nuclear La protein.
 13. The kit according to claim 11, wherein the extracellular hinge and transmembrane domain is selected from hinge and transmembrane domains of human CD28 molecule, CD8a chain NK cell receptors; or parts of the constant region of an antibody and combinations thereof.
 14. The kit according to claim 11, wherein the signal transduction domain is selected from cytoplasmic regions of CD28, CD137 (4-1BB), CD134 (OX40), DAP10 and CD27, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), cytoplasmic regions of CD3 chains, DAP12 and activating Fc receptors.
 15. The kit according to claim 11, wherein the nucleic acid is SEQ. ID NO. 1, 9, 13 or 16 encoding for a universal chimeric antigen receptor with an amino acid sequence according to SEQ. ID NO. 17, 18, 19 or
 20. 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a targeting module according to claim
 1. 17. The targeting module according to claim 7, wherein the tag is a short linear epitope from the human nuclear La protein according to SEQ. ID NO. 25 or SEQ. ID NO.
 27. 18. The kit according to claim 12, wherein the tag-binding domain is an antibody or an antigen-binding fragment, wherein the tag-binding domain constitutes an anti-La epitope scFv.
 19. The kit according to claim 18, wherein the tag-binding domain constitutes an anti-La epitope scFv according to SEQ. ID NOs. 21 and 22 or SEQ. ID NOs. 23 and
 24. 